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Writer's pictureEdward D. Andrews
Jul 257 min read

Is Logic Arbitrary in Christian Apologetics?

The Fundamental Laws of Logic


Logic, a discipline that studies the principles governing correct reasoning, is foundational to how we understand and articulate truth. At its core, logic includes three fundamental laws: the law of identity, the law of noncontradiction, and the law of the excluded middle. These principles are crucial not only in philosophical discourse but also in theological discussions and biblical exegesis.


The law of identity asserts that a statement is true if it is true, which seems tautological but is essential for coherent thinking. For example, when Jesus says, "I am the way, and the truth, and the life" (John 14:6), He is making an identity claim about Himself that is absolute and non-negotiable.


The law of noncontradiction states that a statement cannot be both true and false at the same time in the same sense. This is seen in Jesus' confrontation with the Pharisees, where He refutes their contradictory claim that He expels demons by the power of Satan, highlighting the illogical nature of their argument (Matthew 12:25-26).


The law of the excluded middle posits that a statement is either true or false, with no middle ground. This is evident in Jesus' teachings about the nature of truth and falsehood, where He clearly delineates between those who follow Him and those who do not (Matthew 12:30).



The Contributions of Aristotle


Over 2,300 years ago, Aristotle made significant contributions to science and philosophy, particularly in the realm of logic. His systematic approach to understanding the natural world and human reasoning has had a lasting impact on various fields, including Christian theology. Aristotle's work emphasized observation, deduction, and the application of logical principles to arrive at truth. This method of reasoning from obvious truths to correct conclusions is evident in Jesus' teachings and debates.



Aristotle's influence extended beyond his immediate context, shaping the intellectual landscape of Europe for nearly two millennia. His ideas were integrated into Catholic, Protestant, and even Islamic thought, demonstrating the universal applicability of logical principles. Despite differing theological viewpoints, the common thread of Aristotelian logic provided a framework for rigorous intellectual inquiry.



The Use of Logic in Jesus' Teachings


Jesus, with His perfect mind, exemplified the use of logic in His teachings and interactions. He employed logical reasoning not only to refute false accusations but also to impart profound spiritual truths. His mastery of logic is evident in several instances recorded in the Gospels.


When Jesus healed a demon-possessed man, the Pharisees accused Him of expelling demons by the power of Beelzebub. Jesus' response was a masterful use of logic. He pointed out that a kingdom divided against itself cannot stand, thus refuting the Pharisees' illogical claim that Satan would work against his own interests (Matthew 12:25-26). This powerful use of the law of noncontradiction exposed the fallacy in their argument.


Furthermore, Jesus questioned the Pharisees about their own disciples who cast out demons, asking, "By whom do your sons expel them?" (Matthew 12:27). This logical question forced the Pharisees to confront the inconsistency in their accusations, demonstrating the effectiveness of simple yet profound reasoning.



Logic in Teaching Positive Truths


Jesus also used logical reasoning to teach positive, heartwarming truths about Jehovah. One method He employed was the "how much more so" line of reasoning, which helped listeners move from familiar truths to stronger convictions.


For instance, in teaching His disciples how to pray, Jesus used the example of human parents giving good gifts to their children. He concluded that if imperfect humans know how to care for their children, "how much more so will the Father in heaven give holy spirit to those asking him!" (Luke 11:13). This contrast highlighted the greater love and generosity of Jehovah compared to human parents.


Similarly, when addressing anxiety, Jesus pointed out that Jehovah feeds the ravens and clothes the lilies, even though they do not toil. He then reasoned that if God cares for birds and flowers, "how much more will he clothe you, you with little faith!" (Luke 12:24, 27-28). This logical progression reassured His followers of Jehovah's provision and care.



Logic in Christian Apologetics


In Christian apologetics, employing sound logic is essential for refuting false beliefs and teaching positive truths about Jehovah. Following Jesus' example, believers can use logical arguments presented in a simple manner to effectively communicate their faith.


For example, when addressing someone who does not believe in a God they cannot see, one might use the natural law of cause and effect. By pointing out that a well-built house implies a builder, one can reason that the intricate design and provision in nature also point to a Creator. The Bible supports this reasoning: "Every house is constructed by someone, but the one who constructed all things is God" (Hebrews 3:4).


While not everyone will be convinced by logical arguments, as 2 Thessalonians 3:2 acknowledges, presenting truth logically and clearly is crucial for effective ministry.



The Objective Nature of Logic


Logic, as demonstrated, is not arbitrary. It is rooted in objective principles that reflect the nature of truth itself. In the biblical context, truth is grounded in the character of Jehovah and the teachings of Jesus. The consistent application of logical principles in Scripture underscores their reliability and importance.


The apostle Paul also emphasized the role of sound reasoning in proclaiming the gospel. In his ministry, Paul "reasoned from the Scriptures" to persuade Jews and Greeks about the truth of Jesus as the Messiah (Acts 17:2-3). His use of logic and evidence from Scripture exemplifies the integration of faith and reason.


Moreover, Paul encouraged believers to engage in thoughtful and rational discourse, urging them to "test everything; hold fast what is good" (1 Thessalonians 5:21). This exhortation highlights the importance of discernment and critical thinking in the Christian life.



Logic and Faith


Some may argue that logic and faith are incompatible, yet the Bible presents them as complementary. Faith in Jehovah and His Word does not require abandoning reason. Instead, true faith is supported by a sound understanding of Scripture and the application of logical principles.


The relationship between logic and faith is evident in the way Jesus and the apostles engaged with their audiences. They used reasoned arguments to explain and defend the truth, appealing to both the intellect and the heart. This approach demonstrates that faith is not blind but informed by evidence and sound reasoning.


For example, when addressing the resurrection, Paul provided logical arguments and eyewitness testimony to support the reality of Jesus' resurrection (1 Corinthians 15:3-8). His reasoning was intended to strengthen the faith of the believers and provide a foundation for their hope in eternal life.



The Role of the Holy Spirit


The Holy Spirit plays a crucial role in guiding believers through the inspired Word of God. As we pray and seek God's direction, it is essential to immerse ourselves in the Scriptures to understand His will. For example, in Psalm 119:105, we read, "Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light to my path." This verse emphasizes the importance of Scripture in providing guidance and clarity in our lives. Just as praying for a job requires taking action by filling out applications, seeking God's guidance through the Holy Spirit involves diligently studying His Word and applying its truths to our circumstances.


JThe Holy Spirit teaches and reminds us of God's commands, as illustrated in the Old Testament. Nehemiah 9:20 says, "You gave your good Spirit to instruct them and did not withhold your manna from their mouth and gave them water for their thirst." This verse highlights the instructional role of the Holy Spirit in guiding God's people. By immersing ourselves in Scripture, we allow the Holy Spirit to teach and remind us of God's truths, leading us to live in obedience.


The apostle Paul also highlighted the role of the Holy Spirit inspired Word of God in providing wisdom and understanding. He prayed that believers would be filled with "the knowledge of his will in all spiritual wisdom and understanding" (Colossians 1:9). This spiritual wisdom is essential for applying logic and reasoning in a manner that aligns with Jehovah's truth.


Understanding how we receive illumination and guidance from God is rooted in the inspired, inerrant Word of God. According to 1 Corinthians 2:12-14, the process involves more than merely acquiring a mental grasp of biblical truths; it requires embracing these truths as divinely revealed. The expressions "does not accept," "folly," and "not able to understand" highlight how unbelievers critique and reject divine revelation. This passage does not imply that unbelievers are incapable of understanding the Bible's content; rather, they view it as foolishness. Christians, however, are guided by having the mind of Christ (1 Corinthians 2:16), achieved through being biblically minded. This necessitates a careful analysis of the Bible's genres, historical context, and language, employing the conservative, objective historical-grammatical method of interpretation while avoiding the speculative fallacies of modern biblical criticism.



The Importance of Studying Logic


Studying logic is vital for anyone engaged in Christian apologetics and teaching. It equips believers to think clearly, reason effectively, and communicate truth persuasively. Logic helps to identify and refute fallacies, ensuring that arguments are coherent and sound.


Moreover, studying logic fosters intellectual humility, recognizing that understanding requires effort, humility, and a willingness to seek truth. The pursuit of logical consistency reflects a commitment to honoring Jehovah, who is the source of all truth.


In conclusion, logic is not arbitrary but rooted in objective principles that govern correct reasoning. Jesus and the apostles exemplified the use of logic in their teachings, demonstrating its importance in conveying and defending the truth. By studying and applying logic, believers can effectively engage in apologetics and teaching, faithfully representing the truth of Jehovah's Word.


About the Author

EDWARD D. ANDREWS (AS in Criminal Justice, BS in Religion, MA in Biblical Studies, and MDiv in Theology) is CEO and President of Christian Publishing House. He has authored over 220+ books. In addition, Andrews is the Chief Translator of the Updated American Standard Version (UASV).


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